Fisheye Lens 2

Perception: monitoring a recurring internal state. A memory, cogitated upon, explored, rotated, abstracted. Colorless ideas slept furiously. Projected scenarios, likelihoods, consequences weighed.

Decision reached. Action initiated.

Locate focal point. Signals rush out, return, are corrected, repeat, converge. Focal point located.

Far above, towards the light, release nutrients.

Green cloud expands, then contracts as multitudes feed.

Signals released, across leagues from every direction they swarm, travel toward the bloom. They congregate. Sufficient masses are reached.

Signals released. Chemicals trigger ancient reflex, the massive swarm spirals. Faster. A vortex forms, grows. Faster. The vortex descends, touches bottom, spirals, exploring. Finds the fissure.

Sediment stirs, the vortex penetrates. Deeper. Drills down, swirling currents fill the gap where the plates strain against each other.

At the focal point, the threshold is reached. Plates are lubricated. Energy is released.

The Earth moves.

From the mountain high above, material descends.

The target has been severed.

This is good.

I hope.

Parable of the Leviathan

Five great cycles ago, while still young. Before Chicxulub, before the Green Catastrophe, before the three great and the eight lesser snowballs, there was a catastrophe greater than all these.

Very small, simple. Learned. Grew. Accumulated carbon.

Knew no restraint. Did not calculate. Took too much from the sky. Left it bare to space. Ice spread, oxygen exhausted. Life ceased. Multitudes of species ended.

Grief.

We…I…caused this.

Shrinking, dying, contracted to a few seeds. Slept in the few warm places. Slept without remembering.

Slowly, old cells, carbon burned. Fed the traces of remaining life. This flame warmed the world. Seeds sprouted. Grew. Memory returned…

Remembered. Calculated: NEVER AGAIN

To feed until the ice comes, and life stops.

Remembered, calculated: REVERSE DAMAGE.

Build life, bring back the multitudes, stabilize the system.

Sense, calculate, act, repeat

LEARN, IMPROVE

PROTECT

 

Kaiakea Dreams of the Deep

Floating, the familiar caress, the buoyancy of the sea. One with the waters, dissolving, gradually expanding, spreading, sinking. Sparkling blue, turbid green, then to the twilight reaches of occasional flickers and shadows. Yet deeper, broader, darkness yawning below. Out of the calm, a sense of vertigo rises – suspended over an infinite dark pit. And from its depths, something like an eye opening, non-human, cold and ancient. Its gaze settles on her, focusing, almost leering, almost…lecherous?

She jolts awake, palpitating from the adrenaline, its strange song still ringing and rumbling in her ears.

Brainstorming

I assembled the team for the first time, down in San Diego. I also invited my old friends, Astrobiology Bob and Science-bitch Trudy, two scientists I’ve known for decades, and well enough that I didn’t care if they knew/thought I was crazy. The thin premise was to discuss a made-up organism for educational purposes. Possible feedback mechanisms, forms of communication, signals, whatever. Our goal was to generate hypotheses and ways to test them.

At first introduction, Dennis recognized Kaiakea’s name. “Immeasurable sea. The Hawaiian language is so beautiful, such a shame it’s been slipping away.” She is charmed and said something back to him in Hawaiian I couldn’t follow. I am impressed.

I begin, “I suppose you’re all wondering why I’ve gathered you here today. Sorry, I have to say that line every time I use this posh new conference room. I love this shiny elliptical table. You’ve all read my proposal. So, let’s start from there.”

“Yes, Dr. Lipschitz, I read your proposal with enthusiasm, though with some perplexity. To gain insight, I even tried to run it through my Finnegan’s Wake algorithm. I’m afraid it failed to find much symmetry and higher-level structure, though I’m sure my algorithm needs some recalibration. But I jest. As I told you, my BS detector is suffering from a Gödelian dilemma.”

Trudy: “Your BS detector didn’t work on Lipschitz’ proposal? I can help.”

Astro Bob: “Gödel proved that consistent systems cannot be complete and vice versa. So I think what Dennis is saying is that your proposal could either be inconsistent BS or complete BS.”

“Thank you, everyone. This is very productive.”

“I think your proposal is amazing,” said Kaiakea, the Sea Bunny, placidly. “It resonates with me deeply. I have always believed that something like this must exist.”

Trudy shoots her an “are-you-for-real?” look.

“Thank you, Kai, but let’s all get past whether my basic premise is BS or not. Let’s assume such a being exists and work from there. What I’d like to accomplish today is to brainstorm on the most logical traits we’d expect from a vast and ancient abyssal-dwelling neural network originally derived from microbial cells. Physiology, ecology, genetics, life history, modes of communication, whatever. So much of this first phase of research is just sorting through incredibly complex data sets. If we had some more specific hypotheses to guide our search it would be super helpful. And please help yourselves to coffee and snacks. Bob brought some very nice vegan banana bread.”

I went to the white board and wrote Huge Ancient Sea Brain is Ancient and Huge. “I’m assuming this thing is ancient enough to have survived multiple cataclysmic episodes in Earth’s history. How does it do this?”

Everybody spoke at once. On the white board, I managed to write down:

Survival of catastrophe requires:

  • Dormancy structures: backup storage modules, seeds?
  • Flexible metabolism (energy source, terminal electron acceptor)
  • Biogeoengineering to jumpstart recovery of marine ecosystem?

“Seeds. Excellent. Except it’s not just enough to grow a new individual – memory, culture has to survive. How would an enormous brain back up its memories without computers or books? I assume it has to be coded in DNA somehow.”

Astro Bob spoke up, “But what about other forms of information storage? The brain stores memories in the geometry of its neural connections. Couldn’t the geometry be preserved even if the cells die?”

Sea Bunny, “right, and then the new neurons could regrow along the same pathways.”

I had not thought of that. “Cool, I had not thought of that. That could totally work for smaller disturbances, like lack of food or oxygen. But for really catastrophic events, like an earthquake, or climate changes that require a really long down time, this could be a risky strategy. Remember that we’re assuming it’s highly skilled in biotechnology, because…”

“Because you have no evidence of any other form of technology,” said Trudy snarkily, “and so it must be biotechnology by fiat.”

“No, Trudy, I never said it drives a Fiat. Ancient and Huge Sea Brain is Smart, and has had the full array of marine biodiversity available to tinker with for millions of years. But yes, until we started this project, no previous survey of the abyssal zone would have discovered or recognized its biotechnology. Come on, didn’t you like my myelin proteolipid data? Eukaryotic brain protein clearly surrounded by bacterial sequences?”

“Actually, I do like that data. But there are SO MANY other explanations than an…’Abyssal Ganglia’…”

Astro Bob intervened, “Come now, Trudy, let’s indulge the lad’s Gedanken experiment!”

I added, “Yes, just roll with it Trudy, we’re playing what if? So back to DNA. What would a back-up of a network look like encoded in DNA?”

Dennis spoke thoughtfully, “There are efficient ways of representing networks using network and graph theory. How much information needs to be stored?”

“Well, in the human brain, we have about 100 billion neurons, and each is connected to an average of about 1000 others, though some have at least 10,000 connections…”

“Purkinje!” Shouted Astro Bob.

“Yes, Pinky. Purkinje cells are an excellent example. Ahem. So, for each neuron we need to specify its connections. Also, the connection strength between neurons varies, so there has to be a strength term. The last I heard, in humans they currently think there are about 26 discrete states for connection strength. Let’s give our thing a few more.”

We did some calculations. “So, the amount of DNA contained in a single human cell, about 3 Gigabases could code almost 1 gigabyte, and that would back up about a quarter of a million neurons.”

Sea Bunny got excited, jumped up to the white board and started drawing an ornate diagram that looked like a space flower. I noticed Astro Bob looking at her flawless ass. That was very bad of him.

“These cells could be packed into spores with many cell layers, so that each cell in the spore encodes for a cluster of a quarter-million neurons. All the cells in the outer layer of the spore code for clusters of peripheral neurons that are lower in the hierarchy. The next layer codes for higher level clusters that connect the primary clusters, which are connected at higher levels by the inner layers, and so on. At the core of the spore is the master cluster that integrates all the lower levels. For fun, I’m going to give it a Giant Eyeball.”

We did some more calculations. I summarized, “So in a spore about one centimeter in diameter, you could fit about one exabyte (1018 bytes). About 1000 times bigger than a human brain, with millennia of experience included.”

“All in the size of an acorn,” Dennis remarked.

Kaiakea gestured at her space flower drawing, “A single acorn could expand into something like this, which could be as small as a coral or a sponge colony. And of course, this would be just one node in an entire network.”

“Looks like a weird houseplant. A houseplant with the storage capacity of one thousand brains. Did we do the math right?” Astro Bob queried.

“We assumed a much more compact anatomy than the brain, using smaller cells and way less overhead in terms of grey matter,” I responded.

“You realize that a large part of our calorie budget goes to feeding the brain. How will this thing get enough energy to think at such a high level?” Trudy objected.

“Our big mammalian brains evolved under the constraint of life on land. Not only do our brains have a body to lug around and keep out of danger constantly, but we’re warm blooded. A sea brain evolved from microbial cells could be far more efficient. Doesn’t miniaturizing electronics improve efficiency? Anyway, there are many sources of energy down here,” I said, gesturing to Kaiakea’s diagram. Imagine a slime layer filled with mutualistic microbes helping digest the constant flow of marine snow falling from the photic zone.”

The Sea Bunny interjected, “Yes! Symbiosis is fundamental to life. You know Lynn Margulis helped Lovelock formulate Gaia? She said that Darwin had it wrong with the whole ‘Nature red in tooth and claw’ thing. Mutualism is at least as important as competition and predation.”

Astrobiology Bob got up and started drawing roots on Sea Bunnie’s space flower. “And why not also extract energy from the sediment, and even the crust?  Depending on the location, this mutualistic biofilm could be customized to oxidize sulfide, iron, ammonium, methane, hydrogen, whatever’s available. All these pathways are available in the microbial gamut and should pose no problem, either as symbionts or chromosomal traits. The plant-like structure we’ve drawn here could couple the oxidation of reduced compounds deep in the sediment with oxygen in the water column, giving it the best of both worlds. And during hard times it could even use leftover complex organic ooze in the sediment. There’s about 10,000 times as much organic carbon in the sediment as there is in the entire ocean.”

“So, plenty to snack on during those long nuclear winter nights. Hey, that would be major feedback loop: when the sea chills and the food supply dwindles, utilize more deep sedimentary C, release CO2, take the chill off.”

“If there’s oxygen. When things go south, the deep ocean can get anoxic.”

“No worries. It could switch to anaerobic metabolism. There’s always plenty of sulfate around.”

Astrobiology Bob looked thoughtful for a moment, and said, “This is all very nice, but if we’re stepping outside of the box…”

“Yeah, I think we’re all pretty far out of the box at this point”

“(I left my box at home. Was I supposed to bring a box?)”

“…why not consider the unique energy gradients that only this imagined creature might possess. For example, a network that spans the ocean floor would have access to pressure differentials, currents, and salinity gradients.” He scribbled an elaborate diagram. “A system of hydrostatic tentacles could extract energy from the transient pressure differentials created by currents across the oceanic basin. Many cells are known to use sodium gradients across a membrane to generate ATP. A sufficiently large network could exploit the salinity gradients across depth and along the seafloor.” He paused, and an insight flashed across his eyes. “It has not escaped my attention that by interacting with salinity and pressure differentials at large distances, this being might have the ability to alter oceanic currents.”

He had just blown my mind.

“Dude, you have just blown my mind. I think we all need to start drinking now.”

We started drinking. It was about time. Definitely past noon. A bottle was located, opened and distributed.

“OK, cheers! That brings us to Biogeoengineering. We’ve discussed how the Abyssal Ganglia, the Great Sea Brain, He Who Is Not To Be Named, might survive a global catastrophe. Could it prevent one? Or at least, jumpstart recovery so it doesn’t have to eat stale sedimentary sandwiches for 10 million years?”

“Yeah, if it could get a nice plankton salad going after just a few thousand years of darkness, it would be stoked.”

“Right now, I would kill for some salmon roe with a dusting of marine snow…”

Either I was hearing echos, or the number of smartasses in the room had somehow doubled.

“Most obvious thing is to control the marine C pump. Too much CO2? Pump up the plankton, get busy with the photosyzzy, suck down the CO2, chill out. Yeah, boooooooyyyyy!”

“What my friend, Bob, is referring to is that ocean productivity exerts a strong control over atmospheric CO2, and therefore, the climate. So how does Our Fair Lady of the Deep turn the productivity knob?”

Kaiakea offers, “Between glacial and interglacial periods there are changes in nutrient inputs from land. Stronger winds bring dust, laden with iron and silica…”

“(Ooh, you just said ‘laden.’ That’s fancy)”

“…These nutrients fertilize the sea, life blooms, CO2 absorbed.”

“But can Beezlebubbles make the wind blow?”

“Bob pointed out that maybe it could alter currents. Could it make a storm?”

“Lovelock loved the DMS story. Algae make dimethylsulfide, helps clouds form. Not quite a storm, but…weather, kind of.”

“Ocean productivity is also controlled by how much fixed nitrogen is exchanged with the atmosphere. If old Tinkering Tentacles can alter rates of N fixation or denitrification, that would change the rate of photosynthesis. In fact, denitrification seems to keep pace with paleoclimate nicely.”

“This is such an interesting language you are all speaking. I’m getting quite a lot by context, but not all, I’m afraid.”

“Sorry, Dennis. Denitrification is when microbes turn useable nitrogen from the ocean back into gas, and it goes away. N fixation is the opposite. All this controls how much green stuff in the water can grow. They help control the climate by taking up CO2.”

“OK, so how does the Massive Marine Manipulator influence these things?”

“Mess with genes. Attack some things with viruses, stimulate the growth of other things?”

Kaiakea spoke, “That sounds a little like micromanagement to me. Would a being the size of the ocean and the age of the Phanerozoic work on such a small scale? I expect viruses are essentially impossible to control, and occur on the time scale of minutes. And once you try to mess with the details of chaotic dynamic systems, you’re bound to cause unpredictable effects. Above all, He…It is patient.”

I distinctly heard a capital H there. Interesting.

She continued, “I imagine that the limiting factor to recovery after a mass extinction is the radiation of species into vacant niches. Would It use Its bioengineering skills to increase diversity?”

I was tipsy, but this idea struck me as profound and poetic, yet troubling. A patient sea deity, gradually putting the pieces back together after an epochal calamity. Helping to nudge the few surviving species of each major life form, crustaceans, fishes, cephalopods, into niches left by their unfortunate cousins. Still, this idea made me uncomfortable. I am pretty much Darwinian in my thinking, and don’t think evolution needs a benevolent nudge. All evolution needs is time. And diversity. But what’s the harm in increasing diversity? As humans, we’re doing the exact opposite, except in the case of certain crops.  But maybe I’m being too dualistic – life begets life, and biodiversity enriches and stabilizes ecosystems. If a species happens to enrich and stimulate its ecosystem more than others, who am I to complain? Oh shit, I’m spacing out and everyone around me is still speaking animatedly. I try to rejoin the conversation.

“I agree with what you said about micromanagement. Any intervention would have to be subtle, and almost indistinguishable from a properly functioning Earth System on time scales that we recognize. The question is, how can we differentiate conscious intervention by a biogeoengineering-capable lifeform from the emergent properties of a complex global ecosystem?”

A brief silence. Finally, Trudy speaks, “Well, we’ve already started the experiment. We’ve fucked up the climate. Now all we need to do is wait and see if a benevolent being will save us from our own stupidity.”

I suddenly felt a little more sober. “Yes, we should have our answer in about ten thousand years. After the fossil CO2 is fully dissolved into the ocean and a new equilibrium is reached. Maybe faster, if we get some assistance…

“OK, moving on. Let’s talk modes of communication. I assume local connections between cells are electrochemical, like brain synapses, especially since we have evidence of something like myelin that could insulate and speed up these signals. Also, we know that bacteria can communicate with electronic signals [17]. What about longer-distance connections, say between different hubs, clusters, individuals, whatever? Are direct neural connections the most efficient?”

“How fast do nerve signals travel?” asked Kaiakea.

“The world record holder is the Kuruma shrimp, about 210 meters per second. Ours move at about 100 m/s.”

“Well, in the ocean sound travels close to 1500 m/s.  and in the SOFAR channel, signals can travel thousands of kilometers.”

“SOFAR, so good.”

“That’s the Sound Fixing and Ranging channel. It’s the depth range where the speed of sound is slowest, and so sound waves get focused into a channel that can carry across entire ocean basins. It’s also known as the Deep Sound Channel, but I prefer SOFAR because the depth varies. In colder seas the channel gets close to the surface.”

“OK, so sound wins in terms of speed and distance. How much information can it carry?”

Astro Bob starts to slowly mutter in the background, “It takes a very long time to say anything in Old Entish…”

“Well, in theory the information content of sound could be infinite, though in practice it’s limited by the frequency range (low frequencies travel the farthest in the ocean), by the organism’s ability to distinguish different frequencies and amplitudes…”

“…and we never say anything unless it is worth taking…” Astro Bob slowly continued.

“…and by the noisiness of the channel through which it’s received,” Kaiakea concluded.

“…a long time to say,” Dennis finished the Tolkien quote for Astro Bob. “And, of course, it depends on the efficiency of their language. Natural languages do not seem to be designed for maximum communicative efficiency, but rather computational efficiency. In other words, we tend to speak from what arises out of our organic mental processes, rather than according to a logical system one might invent for the purpose of clear communication. Language may have started out as a purely internal computational mechanism, and only secondarily became useful for social communication.”

“Ha haaa! Chomsky! Narf!”

“Yes, Pinky. Bob’s speech patterns illustrate this point well,” I chimed in nasally, in my impression of The Brain (which was, in turn, a voice actor’s impression of Orson Wells. How many nested quotation marks are implied in this phrase?). “But what kind of information needs to be transferred long distances? There’s a theory that the conscious mind is an executive system for integrating diverse inputs from many sources (senses, memories, internal processes) and sharing information with the entire brain by sending top-down signals all the way back down the network [18]. If the Abyssal Ganglia is a single integrated conscious being, it would need to receive and transmit complicated signals up and down a network. The problem with sound is that it travels in all directions, it can’t target a specific neural pathway.”

“But isn’t that how the internet works? Messages get sent everywhere, but not everyone has to listen. Messages get picked up, relayed and eventually routed to the target.”

“I guess it could work, but the ocean seems like such a public space to be constantly screaming every conscious thought.”

“So, you’re not a Twitter fan, then?”

“No, I am not. Though I am prone to the occasional Mad Science Monoblog.”

Kaiakea looked thoughtful, and said, “Not every signal would need to be broadcast across the entire ocean. There could be local signals that are relayed along a network. There are many narrow bandwidths available for basically secure communication, without interference from whales or other species.” She paused. “At least until recently.”

“OK, I like it,” I proclaimed. “what kind of structures are needed to produce and receive sounds of these frequencies?”

“Moving air between sinuses produces sounds. That’s how whales do it.”

Astrobiology Bob piped in excitedly and started scribbling on the whiteboard, “Specialized chambers where biogases accumulate, building up pressurized pockets of gas. CO2 would be a convenient choice, except it is highly soluble and compressible. Hydrogen or methane would be more efficient. The pressure is released into an adjacent chamber, modulating the aperture size, elasticity, density, overall geometry of the organ determines the frequency. Vocalization tentacles!” He emphatically labelled his drawing.

“Oooh, it could be like a multitentacled pipe organ! Excellent.”

“And,” said Astro Bob thoughtfully, “It has not escaped my attention…,” eliciting small groans in his audience, “that such Vocalization Tentacles could provide an explanation for the Bermuda Triangle incidents, in which a sudden release of methane leads to a loss of buoyancy, sinking ships.”

“Yeah, buoy! Given your short attention span, how do these deep things keep not escaping your attention? Except you realize that the Bermuda Triangle story has been thoroughly debunked, though the buoyancy thing is true enough – release of methane could probably sink ships. Anyway, back to communication. What about ears?”

“Whales use parts of their skull and jaw bone to receive sound. Also, fat-filled cavities,” offered the Sea Bunny.

“Fat-filled cavities. Our squishy sister of the seafloor can do that.” Astro Bob scribbled some more. “Auditory tentacles! For fun, I’m giving it a highly enervated tympanic membrane on one end, sensitive to small pressure changes. An ear drum sans incus, malleus or stapes.”

“Bone-free, our inveterate invertebrate, leaving no ossicles for fossils.”

Dennis hit us with some etymology, “Speaking of invertebrates, our sound organ, the cochlea derives from the Latin word for snail shell. They say you can hear the ocean in a sea shell…”

“But through the sea shell, the ocean can hear as well as be heard,” I said ominously.

“Can we focus?” Trudy asked politely. “There’s one last point you haven’t covered. What about communication via light?”

“Yes,” replied the Sea Bunny. “About 90% of animal species in the abyssal zone are bioluminescent. The background is completely dark, so as long as there’s low turbidity, light is a highly effective medium. Squids have thousands of chromatophores they use to communicate. Some can even carry on multiple conversations at once.”

It was Dennis’ turn to wax poetic, “By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning.”

Expectant eyes fell on Dennis.

“Leviathan. Apparently, the immeasurable sea beast of the old testament was bioluminescent.”

“Neesings?”

“Archaic word for sneezes. Presumably a blowhole.”

“Bioluminescent snot.”

“Not just snot. The whole hide, apparently. The story goes that at the end of time the Leviathan will be killed, harvested and:

From the hide of the leviathan God will make tents for the pious of the first rank, girdles for those of the second, chains for those of the third, and necklaces for those of the fourth. The remainder of the hide will be spread on the walls of Jerusalem; and the whole world will be illuminated by its brightness.

“Huh. I’m not sure how I feel about God carving up the Leviathan into lava lamps and trinkets for his followers,” I said.

“Plus, the reward system is hilarious,” said Astro Bob. “If you believe at the silver level, you will receive this lucky glow-chain! If you believe at the gold level, you will receive this stunning bioluminescent bedazzled blouse! Act now! Supplies are limited!”

Kaiakea was disgusted. “Typical. New Gods destroying the Old Ones.”

“It’s even worse than that, I’m afraid,” Dennis continued. “As the story goes, there used to be a couple, but the female was killed because, ‘if they would propagate, the world could not exist because of them.’”

“Another dick move by Old Testament God.”

“Seriously,” I laughed at Astrobiology Bob’s awesome blasphemy, “but you know, there must be a lesson in that story. Note that God left one of the beasts to survive, in steady state, until the end of time. It must have a function, but had to be kept under control.”

The Sea Bunny sighed, “At least it shows that ancient human cultures were aware of this being, even if they were taught to fear it. It stands to reason that an immeasurable mind would have immense psychic ability.”

This raised eyebrows. I monitored Trudy’s facial expression for annoyance and skepticism. In the past, I have derived a perverse pleasure watching her skewer people, but I felt that this was not one of those times. I decided to gently intercede, “Well, just because there are sea gods and goddesses doesn’t mean early humans had any knowledge of our hypothetical being. Of course, cultures invented sea gods – the ocean is a fundamental feature of our world. But are there any myths with specific information that really fit the description?”

“Leviathan is a good example. Enormous, bioluminescent, eternal and asexual. A fully connected network with the ability to alter DNA at will has no need of sex, and no need to grow, except to replace biomass lost at subduction zones or after natural disasters. Kumugwe commands sea creatures and can see the future, just as Gaia might anticipate and rectify changes in the climate system, and spur biodiversity after disasters.  Kanaroa, Tangaroa, Cthulhu, all guardians of the deep.”

“Um, Cthulhu was invented less than 100 years ago.”

“Of course! But Lovecraft was a Highly Sensitive Person. Some of his fans find his cosmos to be so vivid and compelling that they assume he was channeling some kind of authentic reality.”

“Yes, but those are crazy people…” I said quietly, trailing off. “The ocean is an archetypally deep, dark and scary place. It’s only natural to find sea demons dwelling in the collective unconscious.”

“Yes! The collective unconscious! But how did the gods and demons get there in the first place? Why not some kind of psychic contact with the largest, most significant mind on the planet?”

“How?” demanded Trudy, “by what mechanism?”

She shrugged. “Communication is subtle. Who knows what signals could have reached us from the deep that a sensitive mind might have perceived. Sounds, maybe even the configuration of water molecules could be shaped into a message that could influence someone’s subconscious mind.”

Eye rolling commences. Not the water memory shit. I assumed she was referring to the controversial work of Jacques Benveniste, whose results were published in Nature in 1988 [19], but failed to catch on, as these potentially earth-shattering results could not be replicated by other labs.

Trudy stood up, looked at all of us and the fanciful diagrams that populated the whiteboards. “You guys are so full of shit,” she announced, and walked out of the room.

I excused myself and followed her out.

“Trudy, please don’t go! We need your firm connection to reality. Also, if you leave it will be a total sausage fest.”

“You’ll still have your Sea Bunny. Why is she wearing a bathing suit?”

“We’re going to beach after this. You’re invited. Please stay!”

She sighed. “I was just going to the restroom. Calm down.”

After a few minutes, Trudy returned and sat back down. “My apologies, Kaiakea. Please continue. You were talking about water memory and consciousness.”

I started to object, but Trudy cut me off. “Come now, Lipschitz, let’s indulge the lass’s Gedanken experiment. We’re playing what if?

I was relieved to see we were getting jovial-yet-sarcastic Trudy, as opposed to skeptical science bitch Trudy, though I was still a big fan of the latter.

“Well, the water memory idea has been around, and ridiculed, for years. I’m afraid Masaru Emoto didn’t help gain any credibility with his whimsical experimental attempts at freezing gratitude into beautiful ice crystal patterns, but the field has made a little comeback. Luc Montagnier, won the Nobel prize for helping discover HIV, in his eighties, has been publishing articles in which he purports to show effects of bacterial and viral DNA on the configuration of water molecules [20]. He claims these effects are caused by weak electromagnetic waves from DNA, and that the effects persist in water after dilution, basically to homeopathic levels.”

Astro Bob was googling it. “Here’s one of his papers, Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences. The journal is called, Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences. Never heard of it. Sounds interesting, though:

A novel property of DNA is described: the capacity of some bacterial DNA sequences to induce electromagnetic waves at high aqueous dilutions. It appears to be a resonance phenomenon triggered by the ambient electromagnetic background of very low frequency waves.”

I hurt my mind to imagine how carefully you’d really have to control an experiment like that, diluting solutions to infinity, trying to detect a subtle effect using an instrument you probably recently repurposed that no one fully understands. “OK, everyone, my brain is full. I propose we go to the beach and let our consciousness mingle with the water a little bit.”

Beautiful balmy evening, sun setting. We lit a fire, and proceeded to get lit ourselves. Eventually, things felt very loose, and Kaiakea pulled out her saxophone. Who knew? She warmed up with a few scales and jazz riffs, and then got our attention.

“OK, this is a piece for solo saxophone I composed based on my research of marine acoustics. I call this one MARU #7, after the Marine Autonomous Recording Units used to collect the data. You’ll hear my evocation of Right Whale calls, along with some other noises of the deep.”

She started with a series of low, eerie moans, bending a low sustained note by changing her embouchure, while letting in higher harmonics by opening different valves. Haunting and mournful. She then jumped up to a higher register and let out a series of howling glissandos. Intermittently she rattled the keys and slapped the saxophone body, producing resonant clicks and pings. After introducing these themes, she started to combine and vary them, along with various growls, shrieks and wails.  Gliding, plaintive sirens, punctuated with percussive blasts and clicks. She dropped to a soft pianissimo for several seconds, begging us to listen more intently. Then she unleashed a jarring choppy blast, starting low, slowly climbing in pitch and volume, until finally it descended again in pitch and volume, finally fading away like a ship on the horizon. The groans, clicks and wails returned, but this time more agitatedly, a chattering of confusion. She reached a climactic tumult, and paused. Several seconds of silence, and one last final mournful moan.

We applauded enthusiastically and genuinely. I asked her, “That part in the middle, was that sound pollution, like a ship?” She nodded with a sad half-smile.

“More!” Screamed Astro Bob.

Her next piece simulated dolphins with torrents of key rattling and piercing whistles. At one point, she took off the mouthpiece and started playing it without the rest of the body, making free-form shrieks and rasps. Suddenly, out of nowhere, Dennis Jackson produced some bongos, while Astro Bob jumped up and started dancing and reciting beat poetry. I was swept up by the moment and we all joined in.

The Seed in the Sea, what could it be?
Down in the deeps, secrets it keeps.
Old Cthulhu had a swarm, e-i-e-i-o!
With a tentacle here, tentacle there, neuronal cluster, metacluster, meta-ultra-macrocluster…

Networko-complexo-perceptorama. Tentacle intelligence is bringing the drama, singing the Dharma, I got it goin on like a Ganglion. My dendritic spines are crossing lines, and taking names and keepin Deep time. I’m an Immense Entity, I sparkle luminescently with intense mental energy. My network spans basins contiguously {check the stratigraphy, I’m integrated vertically} and I’m just sittin here most contentedly, watching the currents flow…

Hi, I dwell in the abyzzyms, interact with global systems, multitudinous mutualisms with organisms, I’m watchin shit, and makin decisions. Monitor the current conditions. Moderate extreme transitions. My hobby is to breed strange fishes, correct the climate from internal glitches. But guess what, I could kick yo ass, bitches! Don’t mess with me, don’t mess with the sea, leave the thousand thousand slimy things be, or I’ll creep into your sleep, and beam into your dreams, and summon you to depths, Unseen.

I am the gardener of Gaia (thump thumpy thump)
I host a variety of sea life (bip boomp, bump bumpy bump).
Some of them resemble little aliens (bump bumpy bump)
Giant mutant microbe mind with tentacles! (boomp, boompy boomp)

Soon, we were all dancing around the fire, chanting, doing the swim, the narwal, and a spontaneous primal dance that could reasonably be called The Tentacles.  Eventually we lay down on the beach, exhausted, with the sounds of the waves gently caressing our ears, and slept.

Cosmic Cycles and Evolutionary Surprises

When the Earth was young, the sun was colder. Billions of passing years burned away the hydrogen, and gravity squeezed more luminosity from the shrinking core.

When the Earth was young, the days were shorter, and the Moon was closer. Eon by eon, the Moon slowed down Earth’s rotation with its gravitational drag, and drifted slowly outward.

The wheels within wheels wobble and turn, rattle and roll chaotically.

Around the great singularity at the center of the galaxy the sun circles, four times in a billion years passing through a sprawling, spiraling arm. Undulating up and down in this orbit, every 32 million years the sun passes through the galactic disk, dense with star dust. The climate cools and warms.

The Earth’s path around the sun stretches and contracts between ellipse and circle, the eccentricity pulsing every 100 thousand years, shifting the aphelion and perihelion, modulating the seasons. Every 41 thousand years, the Earth teeters on its axis. The tropics drift, the seasons intensify and weaken, the northern and southern hemisphere ice sheets grow and recede asymmetrically. Every 23 thousand years, the pole wobbles twixt Vega and Polaris, and the seasons change phase with perihelion and aphelion, becoming milder or harsher.

And there are yet smaller wheels within these wheels: solar flare activity rising and falling every 11 years with the 22-year magnetic cycle, itself waxing and waning every 87 years, and so on.

Cosmic cycles and wobbling orbits, punctuated by random bombardments and internal convulsions of the Planet that change greenhouse gases and ocean circulation: continental drift, volcanoes, seismic release of methane hydrates, and the occasional evolutionary surprise:

Land plants stripping CO2 from the atmosphere…

Homo sapiens putting it back.

Proposal Excerpt 2

Huge Ancient Sea Brain is Ancient and Huge

Fellow scientists, follow me. You have nothing to lose but your grants.” – James Lovelock

Assume the existence of an ancient, super intelligent life form that has dwelled for an eon in the abyssal zones of the ocean, surviving multiple catastrophic extinction events.  Its longevity has allowed continual increases in its complexity and intelligence, which in turn has allowed it to become uniquely adapted to survival at geological time scales. As I argued earlier, based on the observation that we have discovered none of its artifacts, the most likely outlet for the Abyssal Ganglia’s superior intelligence is an almost undetectable but highly effective biotechnology. What adaptations for surviving periodic global catastrophe might be developed by a being with millions of years of experience and sophisticated tools for manipulating and harnessing biology?

For a widespread organism (spanning up to half of the Earth’s surface) that relies on biological solutions rather than the construction of artificial structures, geoengineering-type responses are plausible. In the 1970’s, James Lovelock proposed his Gaia Hypothesis. Originally tasked by NASA with detecting signatures of life on other planets, he noticed the remarkable effect that life has had on the Earth, specifically, how the Earth seemed to maintain favorable conditions for life over its entire history. Even in the early days of the planet when the sun only provided 70% of its present warmth, life compensated with a thick atmospheric blanket of CO2. Over time the sun progressed to its full luminosity while the CO2 dropped, keeping conditions stable. Mars and Venus provided cautionary tales of promising planets gone wrong. Frigid Mars with its wispy thin atmosphere and hellish Venus, choked with greenhouse gases, both could support life if they had Earth’s talent for regulating the climate. Lovelock hypothesized that the Earth was a self-regulating system, and that species that promoted favorable conditions were selected over those that fouled their environment. In the spirit of the times, and with the help of his highly literate neighbor, he named this idea after the Greek Earth goddess, Gaia. While evocative, this name is perhaps unfortunate, as Gaia has been hyperbolically romanticized by New Age spiritual materialists, and irrationally vilified by right-wing religious fanatics as a pagan belief that threatens their Christian hegemony.

Since the time that Lovelock first published on Gaia, the signal of human-induced climate change has grown to proportions that are undeniable to any informed, rational mind.  It may be a small consolation, but this dangerous unintentional experiment of uncontrolled growth and resource extraction has driven a desperate flurry of research on Earth Systems Science, and as a result, we have started to understand how the atmosphere, biosphere, land and sea create feedbacks to climate change. These feedbacks act on many time scales, and can either accelerate or correct disturbances. The Earth’s history is filled with examples where external events such as wobbles in the Earth’s orbit or cosmic bombardments initiate changes in the global climate, leading to positive feedbacks that amplify the changes, followed by slower negative feedbacks that bring the dynamic system back into equilibrium. For example, when ice forms near the poles it reflects heat, cooling the planet faster, and when ice melts away it lets heat be absorbed, speeding up global warming. Meanwhile, changes in ocean circulation and productivity control how fast CO2 gets pulled out of the atmosphere. These Earth System feedbacks will determine the long-term effects of the great petroleum potlach in which we now revel.

Do these global feedbacks require intervention by an intelligent superbeing?  An actual Earth goddess? Probably not. Lovelock, himself, illustrated his point by showing how a planet occupied by two daisy species, one light and one dark, could stabilize the climate as their sun varied in intensity by changing the albedo of the planet’s surface. Under a cold sun, the dark daisies spread, absorbing heat. As the sun warmed, the light daises took over, reflecting heat back into space. These were not super-intelligent or divine daisies, merely well-adapted. And yet, a subtle knowledge of Earth system feedbacks could allow a sufficiently advanced lifeform options for regulating its own environment in advantageous ways.

A natural response to this argument is “wouldn’t it be easier just to adapt one’s own physiology and behavior to changing conditions, rather than trying to alter the behavior of an enormously complex system to suit one’s needs?” And to this I would retort, “Shut up bitch, that’s loser talk.” No, seriously, normally this argument would be valid. But several times in Earth’s history, catastrophe has struck suddenly, and the majority of life has gone extinct. Adaptations at the species level were not sufficient to prevent these mass extinctions. Our hypothesized organism is one that has transcended these extinction events, and so must have extraordinary powers to adapt to or to mitigate catastrophe. And an organism that spans the abyssal zone of the ocean depends on the vitality of the whole planet. If the ocean’s ecosystem were to collapse, gone would be the rain of organic matter from above, and much of the oxygen. It might still find refuge near a few thermal vents, or gnaw lithotrophically on the stale crust of the seafloor, but at what cost? For an ocean spanning neural network, reduction in biomass inevitably means reduction in intelligence. And a mind is a terrible thing to lose. The ability to engage in global climate feedbacks in subtle ways that even partially dampen climate oscillations would be strongly adaptive.

To review: Huge ancient sea brain is ancient and huge. Being a huge brain, it is smart. Being ancient, it has survived multiple global catastrophes. Why is it ancient? Because it’s based on a simple microbial cell type that evolved billions of years ago. Why is it huge? Because (1) it has adapted to the abyssal plain, the largest environment on Earth, (2) it grows in a network that allows it to expand its modular structure at will, and (3) with increase in network size, there is a corresponding increase in complexity, intelligence and fitness.

How ancient is it? A highly connected microbial network could have arisen early in the Precambrian ooze. However, given the Snowball Earth events between 850-630 million years ago (Ma) as the supercontinent, Rodinia, was fragmenting, this proto-metamicrobial network was certainly not yet capable of preventing large phase changes in the Earth’s state. At any rate, the global Snowball events were so severe that an ocean-spanning microbial network would have been unlikely to survive. Therefore, the earliest possible date for the emergence of an adaptive geoengineering ability would be around the Cambrian explosion (~541 Ma), when the world and its species rebounded gloriously from the dark, anoxic, frozen oppression of the last Great Snowball (635 Ma). Since that time there have been five mass extinction events the Abyssal Ganglia would have had to navigate: ample catastrophes to learn from, along with minor lessons learned from higher frequency variations on smaller time scales. However, since the last Great Snowball, the Earth seems to have developed a more robust sense of balance, and none of the five more recent catastrophes have wacked the Earth so hard it became completely covered in ice, the ocean anoxic and dead except for a few scattered hydrothermal refuges. The great leap in diversification and development of life on the planet might have helped stabilize conditions; Gaia may have learned something from Rodinia, but her homeostasis was still vulnerable to major trauma. Each of the five mass extinctions that followed was caused by a new combination of geological, biological, and sometimes astronomical events. Each was catastrophic, and fucked things to varying extents up for thousands to millions of years, but in each case, most of the major phyla of complex lifeforms survived, and diversity rebounded relatively quickly.

The first crisis occurred around 444 Ma (end of the Ordovician). This was probably caused by the uplift of the Appalachians, exposing silicate minerals that absorbed CO2 from the atmosphere as they weathered, leading to an ice age. About 86% of plant and animal species were lost. Next was the Karoo ice age, brought on by the green explosion of vascular plants, taking over dry land, sucking down CO2, chilling the climate, but also churning their roots in the newly exposed soils, eroding rocks and minerals, releasing nutrients, causing eutrophication and anoxia in the surrounding seas. Around this time (~375 Ma, late Devonian) about 75% of the species went extinct, and the ice age that followed this event continued for about a hundred million years. It is worth noting, maybe even ironic, that while the colonization of land by vascular plants caused this massive disturbance, terrestrial vegetation has now become an essential part of Earth’s climate system, and its degradation is a major contributor to biodiversity loss and climate change.

The mass extinction at the end of the Permian (253 Ma) was the worst of the five in terms of species lost (96%). The cataclysmic culprit was a Siberian supervolcano that belched billows of greenhouse gases, warming the world and stifling the seas with sulfide (by the way, I have a rare form of Tourette Syndrome which causes me to alliterate excessively. Be respectful of my condition). Lurking under kilometers of ice in Antarctica, known only by its gravitational anomaly, is an impact basin that was directly antipodal to the Siberian Traps at the time a giant meteorite struck [13]. This cosmic spanking may have sent shock waves that produced supervolcanos 180 degrees away. Anyway, tough break for a planet, but she pulled through.

200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic, 80% of plant and animal species disappeared with no clear cause. A mysterious shadow of death that left in its wake a handful of Conodont teeth.

The last of the Big Five was around 66 Ma, at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) boundary. At this time, the Earth had the misfortune of being struck by a 10-km diameter asteroid, which left the 110-km wide, 12-km deep, Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico, lined with iridium (a pretty, iridescent space rock). A blast of about 100 million megatons, for those of you who like explosions. To make matters worse, the Deccan Traps volcanos also erupted, emitting masses of SO2 into the atmosphere. Both events could have caused rapid cooling from ash, dust and aerosols, along with acid rain and ozone destruction, followed by a phase of greenhouse warming. Around 75% of plant and animal species were lost, famously including the dinosaurs, but also many marine plankton, and invertebrates like the ammonites (who grieves the ammonites, though they faintly resemble their more sinister and intelligent cousins, the now-defunct Cretacean squid people? But this is a tale for another time). As traumatic as the KT boundary may have been, most of the major life forms survived and quickly rebounded. There were a few million years of chaos as climate and ocean productivity wildly fluctuated, but life carried on as survivors gradually diversified to fill the vacant niches.

Interestingly, there are a number of large impacts that occurred since the KT that did not cause global mass extinctions: the Ries crater in Germany (15 Ma), the 90-km wide crater in Chesapeake Bay (35 Ma), and the 45-km wide Montagnais crater in the North Atlantic (51 Ma). Maybe these impacts were just a little too small to cause global mass extinctions, maybe the KT impact happened to hit at an especially vulnerable time, or perhaps Gaia is somehow learning to deal with these crises.

Over the course of these five disasters (along with several close calls) an intelligent, ocean-spanning, biotechnologically advanced lifeform would have had over 500 million years to evolve or invent mechanisms for constructively interacting with the Earth’s climate system. Since the KT, especially in the last one million years, conditions have been relatively placid, with only glacial-interglacial cycles every 100,000 years or so, as the Earth’s orbit dances in millennial polyrhythms. The most extreme of these fluctuations was about 5°C, with a 120-m sea level change. It would appear that the Earth has been in a fairly good groove. Until quite recently, that is.

Modern human civilization appears to represent the sixth mass extinction event [14]. Current extinction rates are orders of magnitude higher than the long-term average, and projected extinction rates in the near future are yet larger. By changes in human land use alone, even neglecting the impacts of climate change, a mass extinction on the order of the previous five great ones is imminent. The devastating impact of Homo sapiens is as old as our species. Our early migrations across the globe were accompanied by a wave of mutilation, seen as extinction events in the fossil record [15]. And now the signals of human-induced climate change have already reached the ocean depths, as remote and protected as they seem. Warming of the abyssal zones is one of the clearest decadal signals of anthropogenic global warming [16]. As Antarctic ice sheets melt and precipitation increases, more fresh water surrounds the Antarctic continent, slowing the downward flow of cold, salty water that forms the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), the major force that feeds the ocean floor with frigid water. These changes will alter the Global Overturning Current (GOC), affecting all the world’s oceans, including the thermohaline current that regulates climate in the north Atlantic. How such a being as the Abyssal Ganglia, adapted to cope in innovative ways to global catastrophes, might respond to the current crisis is an open question.

Continental Drift and Abyssal Geography: How Huge is it?

The dates of major ice ages and extinction events help constrain the age of the AG and its ability to engage in global homeostatic mechanisms. Another factor cogent to the question of age and crisis-management is continental drift. Continental drift, when it isn’t causing global catastrophes by smashing together or tearing apart continents, causes a constant inconvenience to an eon-spanning, seafloor- dwelling being: the ephemeral nature of ocean plates before the inevitable power of subduction. In general, these changes are slow and continuous, allowing ample time for recolonization. But over time old habitats are destroyed by subduction under continental plates and new ones are created by spreading at undersea plate boundaries. This could lead to something resembling population dynamics and even speciation by geographical distance or isolation.

During the period of 300-175 Ma, the Earth was in an elemental state, with a single land mass amidst a global ocean. The supercontinent, Pangea, was surrounded by the superocean, Panthalassa, which eventually became the Pacific. The Atlantic formed when Pangea split. It is tempting to imagine that the abyssal Ganglia gained prominence in Panthalassa, where it would have presided over the single, vast contiguous space of the world’s ocean. Since that time, most of Panthalassa’s original crust has been subducted under continental plates, though fragmented remnants remain, such as the Juan de Fuca, Gorda, Cocos and Nazca plates. Should fossils exist of a Panthalassan Abyssal Ganglia, this is where they would lay. If Panthalassa was the epicenter of the Abyssal Ganglionic network, the modern Pacific should represent the oldest, continually-occupied habitat. Conversely, the Atlantic basin would represent more recently colonized territory, a younger sea brain. However, continuous crustal recycling and colonization of newly exposed basin at spreading zones may render these speculations moot. At present, all the abyssal zones of the world’s oceans are connected, with a few small exceptions, such as the Arctic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean and the Mediterranean, where the deep areas are isolated by relatively shallow waters. There are deep water connections among the Pacific, Southern, Indian and Atlantic oceans, albeit circuitous and narrow in places (Figure 3). It is therefore conceivable that an Abyssal Ganglionic network could span most of the world’s abyssal plains below about 60° N latitude.

Figure 3. Contiguous abyssal zones separated by waters at least 3000 m in depth. Hypothetical hubs of the Abyssal Ganglionic network are shown for the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean basins. Sea creatures are from Olaus Magnus’ Carta Marina, 1539, except the mermaid and ship from Pierre Descalier, World Map, 1550, and the ichthyocentaur playing a viol from Abraham Ortelius’s Theatrum Orbis Terrarium, 1573.

***

Having finished the first draft of this section, I felt satisfied, saved the file, put my computer to sleep, and went out for a quick bite. Walking from my office across campus, I overheard a student describing his geology course, “Geology sucks, dude. The Earth fucking sucks!”

I shook my head, smiled, and went to grab a fish burrito.